人間と生活環境 vol.01
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人間─熱環境系シンポジウムの16年
長田 泰公
An Overview of Sixteen Years of Symposia
Yasutaka Osada |
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The symposium on man-thermal environment systems was organized and its first meeting was held in August 1977. Since then, 16 annual meetings, including a memorable inter -national meeting in 1992, were held successfully. This paper reviews and analyses the papers submitted at these meetings and suggests further research be conducted in certain aspects of such papers. (Receiued: June 15. 1994 Accepted: July 26. 1994) |
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「人間─生活環境系シンポジウム」の前身は1977年に第1回が開かれ、第16回まで続いた「人間─熱環境系シンポジウム」である。このシンポジウムは人間と温熱環境との関係を学際的に討論するユニークな場として、年々発展してきたが、発足17年目に当たる昨年、内容を生活環境全般に広げることになったものである。そこでこの際、「人間─熱環境系シンポジウム」の16年間の歩みを総括し、本会議の今後の発展に資することにした。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 28/33, 1994 | ||||||||
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ヒトの環境適応と地球環境
森本 武利 Human Adaptation to Changing Environ ment
Taketoshi MORIMOTO |
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Adaptability of human being to hot environment was discussed from the incidence of heat casualties, the present knowledge of thermoregulation, and from the view point of evolution. The incidence of heat casualties in Japan exceeds 150 per year during hot summer days,and the number of incidence correlates with the number of days with minimum temperature higher than 25 degree C. About 40% of the incidence are found in elderly people over 65, which suggests that elderly people are more susceptible to heat stress with less reserve capacity to tolerate heat. A guide line for the prevention of heat casualty was discussed based on the regulatory mechanism of body temperature, circulation,and body fluid. Human can tolerate the cold more easily than to heat using both behavioral and physiological thermoregulation. On the other hand,it is necessary to elaborate circulatory function and body fluid to tolerate to heat load,which leads to heat casualty more easily. This fact, together with the fact that human being has evolved through ice ages impose the necessity to brake global warming. (Receiued: March 30, 1994 Accepted: July 26, 1994) |
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地球環境の温暖化が問題となっているが、人類がどの程度の温度変化に適応することが可能であるかという観点からの討議は少ない。現在の日本の温度環境のもとで、高温による障害が年間150例以上発生する年のあること、またその4割が高齢者に認められることを指摘した。高温障害はその発生を知識さえあれば予防出来るものであり、その発生機序およびその予防法について概観した。ヒトの体温調節機構としては、低温環境下ではまず行動性体温調節が起こり、それがカバー出来ない部分が生理的な反応によって調節されている。一方高温での体温調節は環境温が30℃を超えると直ちに発動し、また循環および体液の調節機構に影響を与え、暑熱障害になりやすい。過去100万年の間に約9回の氷河時代があり、人類がこの間に進化してきたことを考えるとこの現象が理解しやすい。ヒトの温暖適応能についての理解がより要求され、また環境保護の重要性が示唆される。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 34/39, 1994 | ||||||||
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日本における建築・環境創造分やにおける 人間─熱環境系研究の系譜と今後の課題
堀越 哲美 A Review on Human - Thermal Environment System Studies Related to Architecture and Built Environment in Japan
Tetsumi HORIKOSHI |
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A history of thermal comfort studies and Environmental Design based on interaction between human and thermal environment in Japan was reviewed from the viewpoint of architec -ture and built environment. In earlier period researches in this field were strong by influenced by the hygiene. After World War 11 original researches have been conducted in this field. In the past five years papers and projects increase year by year. However, most of the latest studies aim on practical applications and basic research has gradually decreased. More researches based on the human heat balance equation are desirable in the neer future. (Received: April 18, 1994 Accepted: July 26, 1994) |
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本論文は、日本の建築・環境創造分やにおける、温冷感・体感気候・熱環境に関わる生理心理等の人間─熱環境系の研究を、明治からの概要を含め、主に戦後の潮流を中心に流れをまとめ、紹介、論説したものである。最近、この分野の研究が急速に増加したものの、実用性や、設備設計に直結した研究が多く、それを支える基礎研究が減少している印象がある。人体熱収支に基づいた研究が望まれることを論じている。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 40/45, 1994 | ||||||||
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Phisiological and Subjective Responses in the Young and Elderly during Outdoor Exercise in the Four Seasons (四季にわたる屋外運動時における高齢者の生理心理反応)
Tadakatsu OHNAKA*, Yutaka TOCHIHARA* and Kazuyo TSUZUKI** |
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and subjective responses of the elderly during outdoor exercise in comparison with those of the young in the four seasons. The subjects were 9 elderly people (65 to 85 years) and 8 young (20 to 22 years). They played Gate Ball (GB) games in the morning in the four seasons. During the GB games, blood pressure, heart rate and skin temperatures were measured and thermal sensations were recorded. The dry and wet bulb temperatures, wind velocity and globe temperature were also recorded every 30 minutes. In the cold environments or winter season, the elderly had a tendency to have higher skin temperatures and voted "warmer" during the outdoor exercises. The elderly had higher blood pressure in winter and a significant negative relationship between systolic blood pressure and mean skin temperature was found, but not in the young. There were few differences in physiological and subjective responses between the age groups in warm conditions. These results suggested that greater physiological strains were observed among the elderly in the cold thermal conditions. (Recieved: June 4, 1994, Accepted: July 26, 1994) |
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屋外運動(ゲートボール)時の高齢者の生理心理反応を四季にわたり調査し、同時に測定した若年者と比較検討した。被験者は65〜85歳の高齢者9名、20〜22歳の若年者8名であった。ゲートボール運動時の血圧、心拍数、皮膚温、温冷感と環境の温熱要素(気温、気湿、風速、黒球温)が測定された。運動後に着衣重量が測定された。寒冷環境(冬季)では、高齢者で高い皮膚温が認められ、寒冷環境での皮膚血管の収縮能の低下が示唆され、また同じ温熱環境をより「暖かい」と評価した。高齢者では血圧も寒冷環境で上昇する傾向にあり、高齢者にのみ、収縮期血圧は皮膚温との間に有意な負の相関が認められた。一方、暑熱環境では生理心理反応と年齢間の差異は小さかった。これらの結果は、特に寒冷環境での運動時において、高齢者では若年者と比較して大きな生体負担が生じていることを示すものである。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 46/50, 1994 | ||||||||
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温冷感と快適感の季節差に関する実験的研究
久保 博子、磯田 憲生、梁瀬 度子 Seasonal Variations of Air Temperature for the Thermal Comfort
Hiroko KUBO, Norio ISODA and Takuko YANASE |
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We investigated seasonal variations of clothing, thermal sensation and thermal comfort by conducting experiments on females during all the seasons. The experiments were conducted in climate chambers. Air temperatures were 16℃ , 20℃, 24℃, 28PC and 32℃, and relative humidity was 50%. Air velocity was still air ( <0.15m/s), and mean radiant temperature was equal to air temperature. Subjects were 71 healthy college aged females. They did some sedentary works in casual wear which they were dressed in, and after the experiment clo value was calculated. The subjects were exposed to different conditions for 60 minutes. The subjects were asked to report thermal sensation on the 9 category scale and thermal comfort on the 7 category scale. The ex -periments were conducted seven times from October 1986 to August 1987. The results were as fol -lows: -
(Received: June 5, 1994 Accepted; July 26, 1994)
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着衣量、温冷感、快適感の季節適変化を一年を通して、実験的に検討した。実験は人工気候室で行った。実験条件は、気温は16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃の5段階、相対湿度は50%一定、気流は静穏気流、平均放射温度は、気温と等しくした。被験者は、健康な青年女子71名を採用し、通常の着衣で椅座安静状態で60分間実験条件に暴露し、着衣量は実験後算出した。温冷感申告を9段階で、快適感申告を7段階で受けた。実験は1986年10月から翌年の8月にかけて7期行った。その結果、以下のことが明らかになった。
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 51/57, 1994 | ||||||||
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動静脈吻合血管反応を考慮した人体熱モデルによる皮膚温予測結果
竹森 利和*、庄司 祐子**、平田 耕造***、中島 健**
The Prediction of Skin Temperature Distribution
Toshikazu TAKEMORI*, Yuko SHOJI**, Kozo HIRATA*** |
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We have developed a human thermal system (AVA model) for the prediction of thermal comfort. The distinguishing feature of this system is a more precise model description of heat transfer by blood flow (i.e. the introduction of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) of the extremities and a dual vascular network) than conventional human thermal systems. The results are the following:
(Received: May 31, 1994 Accepted: July 26, 1994)
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熱環境の快適性評価のための人体熱モデル(AVAモデル)を開発した。このモデルの特徴は、動静脈吻合血管および広域・微小循環の2重血管網が組み込まれていることである。 本稿では、異なる3つの定常熱環境(室温22℃、28℃、34℃いずれも湿度45%)において、本モデルを用いた皮膚温等の予測結果を被験者実験結果およびSmithモデルによる予測結果と比較検討した。その結果、次の知見を見を得た。
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 58/63, 1994 | ||||||||
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Reduction of Clo Value with Increased Air Velocity (気流速度増加による基礎着衣熱抵抗の減少)
Shin-ichi TANABE, Yae HASEBE and Tatsuaki TANAKA |
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Experimental results on the reduction in thermal resistance under increased air velocity on a standard summer clothing ensemble as well as the same ensemble plus a sweater or a wind breaker are described. A seated thermal manikin was exposed in a climatic chamber to different air velocities. It was found that the basic thermal insulation of the summer ensemble was reduced 250/0 at air velocity of I .O In/ s. The basic clothing insulation with a sweater was changed much more by increased air velocity than that with a wind breaker. The equivalent temperature taking into account the reduction of clothing insulation was derived based on heat loss from a manikin. (Received June 2, 1994, Accepted July 26, 1994)
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標準夏服、セーター組合わせ衣服、ウインドブレーカー組合わせ衣服の気流速度増加による着衣熱抵抗の減少に関する実験結果に関して述べている。熱的に19分割された椅座位のサーマルマネキンを0.1、0.22、0.32、0.48、0.69、1.0、1.4m/sの気流速度下に曝露した。標準夏服の場合、作用温度は27℃とした。また、セーターとウインドブレーカー組合わせの場合、作用温度23.3℃とした。静穏気流時0.5cloの標準夏服の基礎着衣熱抵抗は風速1.0m/sで25減少した。セーター組合わせの基礎着衣熱抵抗は、気流速度増加によりウインドブレーカー組合わせ衣服より大きく減少した。着衣熱抵抗の減少を考慮に入れた等価温度がサーマルマネキンの熱損失に基づき導き出された。気流を透過する衣服では、従来の等価温度より気流の冷却効果があることが示された。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 64/67, 1994 | ||||||||
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Discussion on Comfort or Pleasantness as Criterion in the Environment Evaluation (環境評価の基準としての快適性の考察)
Naoki MATSUBARA and Yoshihito KURAZUMI |
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Concept of pleasantness or comfort as a criterion for environmental evaluation was dicussed. Criteria used for environmental evaluation are not only various but also consist a hierarchical structure. The passive model of the human being in the laboratory study and the active model of the human being in the field survey were compared. The pursuit of positive pleasantness is valid only in the latter, and in the former it has some kind of danger. The concept of ethics in the study of pleasant environment has been set forth, because this kind of study might violate the dignity of the human being. It is, in a word, ethics for environmental control, Iike bio-ethics or environmental ethics. (Received June 2,1994, Accepted July 26, 1994)
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環境評価の基準として頻繁に用いられる快適性の概念を中心にして考察した。これらの規準は単に多様であるだけでなく、それらが階層的な構造をもつと見なせることに言及した。この理由は大脳の階層構造であり、EysenckやMaslowの階層的な人間モデルと関連性がある。また、実験室実験における受動的人間モデルと社会調査などにおける能動的人間モデルとを対比した。積極的な快適概念の追求は生活過程を考慮した能動的人間モデルにおいてこそ有効であることを指摘した。実験室実験における受動的人間モデルにおいては不快さの除去程度にとどめるべきではないか、という考えを倫理的な問題として提起した。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 68/73, 1994 | ||||||||
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農村の住宅の室内空気環境
池田 耕一*、栃原 裕**、大中 忠勝**、松本 恭冶*、鈴木 晃* Indoo r Air Quality and Thermal Environment in Rural Houses
Koichi IKEDA*, Yutaka TOCHIHARA**, Tadakatsu OHNAKA**, Kyoji MATSUMOTO* and Akira SUZUKI* |
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Four measurements conducted in conventional houses in rural area showed the present status of indoor air qualities in present Japanese houses with occupants. Measured items were carbon monoxide and dioxide, ventilation rate, humidity and temperatures. The human responses,such as heart rate, blood pressure and skin temperatures were also measured. The most remarkable results were fairly high concentrations of carbon monoxide and dioxide caused by the use of unvented combustion appliances, such as kerosene space heaters and "Sumibi-kotatsu" , or traditional Japanese box heater using burning charcoals. The obvious health effects on the occupants were however not seen in the measurements. But the aged occupants were living in considerablly severe indoor environmental conditions although they are deemed to live in excellent indoor conditions since outdoor air quality in rural ares is generally good. (Raceived.' June 4, 1994 Accepted: July 26, 1994) |
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東北地方の数戸の農家の住宅において、主として高齢者に主眼をおいた、室内環境とそこでの健康影響の実態把握を行うことを目的とした実測を行った。対象住宅の換気回数は、2.5〜5.0回/hであり、都会の住宅と比べかなり高かった割には住宅のCO、CO2濃度は、事務所ビルの結果などと比べると全般に高かった。その理由は、全ての家において開放型の器具である石油ファンヒーターが使われていたこと、また、1軒を除いては、豆炭こたつが使われていたためと思われる。また、住宅内の温度は7〜13℃程度であり、極めて低くなっていた。このため、対象者の着衣量は、全体に多めで、室内の低さを着衣量で補っていた。但し、対象としたこう礼者の血圧は、全般に平常の範囲であったが、最高、最低血圧に、それぞれ一例づつの高血圧の対象者がみられた。心拍数、各部体温は、ほぼ通常の範囲内であった。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 74/77, 1994 | ||||||||
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二酸化炭素平均濃度測定法の開発とその室内環境評価への適用
堀 雅宏*、楢崎 正也**、山本 勲**、八幡 清美* Development of Carbon Dioxide Passive Sampler and Measurement System and Its Application to Environ mental Evaluation
Masahiro HORI*, Masaya NARASAKI**, Isao YAMAMOTO** |
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A passive sampler and a measurement system were developed for the measurement of average indoor carbon dioxide concentration to evaluate indoor air quality. A plastic bottle of 140 ml had an alkaline absorption filter paper on the bottom and a cap with both a diffusion tube and a spout for gas exchange. After sampling, the concentration of carbon dioxide transported to gas phase by acidification with sulfuric acid, was measured by an infrared meter. Average concentrations were calculated with a constant on diffusion of the sampler and the gas phase concentrations. The proposed method was applied to the measurement and evaluation in residential houses and offices. (Received: June 4. 1994 Accepted: July 26. 1994) |
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室内空気質を評価するために二酸化炭素平均濃度測定用パッシブサンプラーと測定システムを開発した。140mlのプラスチック広口ビンの蓋には拡散管と開口管を付け、アルカリ吸収液を含浸させたフィルターの底部に置いたものをサンプラーとした。サンプリング後、吸収液に硫酸を添加し、気相に移行させた二酸化炭素を赤外吸収式濃度計で測定する。平均曝露濃度は気相濃度と予め実験で求めた拡散によって決まる係数とサンプリング時間から計算される。本法で住宅における一日平均濃度の測定を行い、従来法と比較し、実測に使用できることを確認し、さらに本法を住宅の平均換気率の推定、オフィスの平均濃度の分布測定に適用し、環境評価を試みた。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 78/82, 1994 | ||||||||
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暑熱環境評価用WBGT測定器の開発
新里 寛英、古川 良知 A Portable WBGT-meter for Evaluating Hot Environment
Kan'ei SHINZATO and Yoshitomo FURUKAWA |
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A portable electronic WBGT-meter for estimating hot environment has been developed. The comparisons between the values of the WBGT - meter and measured values by using the standard method in the field test show good agreement. This portable and simple to operate instrument consists of two thermistor probes to measure each air temperature and globe temperature and a humidity sensor to instantly compute the WBGT indoor and outdoor indices. The meter weighs 650g. The memory is capable to store up to 999 data together with date and time, which can be transferred to a computer and a printer by RS - 232C interface. (Received: April 20, 1994 Accepted: July 26. 1994) |
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WBGT(Wet bulb globe temperature)は作業者をとりまく空気の温度、湿度、ふく射熱および気流等の要素が総合された指数であり、暑熱障害予防のための温熱環境を把握するための有効な指標とされている。労働現場における快適な職場環境の形成に際しての作業環境の管理や、一般のスポーツ活動および学校での運動、炎天下の農作業などにおける暑熱障害や事故防止およびWBGTを指標とした予防措置の普及に役立てるために暑熱環境評価用WBGTを開発した。春期から夏期にかけて屋外で実施した比較測定の結果、本器のWBGTの値は従来法と約±1℃で一致することを確認した。本器の特徴をまとめると、
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 83/86, 1994 | ||||||||
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住宅用窓の断熱性能向上のための付属物の効果についての測定
清水 則夫
Effect of an Attachment of Window on
Norio SHIMIZU |
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Due to the improvement in the thermal resistance of houses the effects on heating are as follows: 1)Cancellation of temperature distribution of indoor vertical direction. 2)Saving energy effect. 3)Surface temperature of wall rises and long wave radiation becomes less. 4)Decrease of dew condensation. Improvement of thermal resistance is effective for indoor thermal environ -ment. Thermal resistance of a window is extremely small than that of a outside wall. According-ly the reinforcement of thermal resistance of window is important for the improvement of indoor thermal environment. A study was conducted regarding this matter. The existence of dew condensation at window surfaces and the thermal resistance of windows were examined. An experiment was carried out on a window of 213. The result is divided into 3 parts (a kind of glass, a kind of material, an opening and shutting formula of window). When a part was installed at a window, the ratio of improvement on thermal resistance and the existence of dew condensation was examined. A part of 4 kinds (a inner window, a curtain, an acrylic board, a shoji) was di-vided and arranged. The thermal resistance of an opening department on a building was improved by installing a part in a window. There were two effects (saving energy, improvement on residence environment). When the part which has good airtightness was installed at a window, dew condensation became few.When a part is used in the night and not in the daytime, a window does not freeze up all day. (Received: May 31, 1994 Accepted: July 26, 1994)
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住宅の断熱性能を向上させるためには、他の部位と比較するとその性能が極端に悪い窓の性能を強化し、壁の性能に近づけることが重要である。そこで、断熱型サッシとして現在使用されている窓の断熱性能と結露の発生状況を把握するため、213体の窓の熱貫流率と室内側表面の温度低下率を測定した。また、住宅では夜間帰宅した家族が暖房器具を使用するケースが多いため、採光を考慮しなくてもよい夜間に窓の室内側に付属物を取り付けることは、住宅の断熱化、省エネルギー化を図るのに有効である。ここでは、PVCサッシ〔複層ガラス(3+A12+3mm)、LOW-E複層ガラス(3+A12+3mm)〕とアルミサッシ〔板ガラス(3mm)と複層ガラス(3+A6+3mm)〕に付属物として
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 87/95, 1994 | ||||||||
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快適環境制御のためのIAQモニタリング法に関する研究
田中 隆*、堀 雅宏**、池田 耕一***、入江 建久*4 Studies on Indoor Air Quality Monitoring for Comfortable Room
Takashi TANAKA*, Masahiro HORI**, Koichi IKEDA*** and Tatehisa IRIE*4 |
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Monitoring method for indoor air quality control was experimentally studied for comfortable offices and residential houses. The experimental room has an invertor - control fan and a filter unit. For air quality control, dampers of outdoor air introduction, filtering and air cleaners, an electric dust collector and an ozone deodorizer, were handled. In this experiment the room air was ventilated with outdoor air through the filter unit. After the fan stopped, contaminations were generated from occupants and/or smoking, and these control units were handled. The generation rate and removal efficiency were evaluated by monitoring of the contaminants in air of the experimental room. The results show that carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane were removed only by introduction of outdoor air and suspended particles by both filter -ing and the dust collector, and a part of non - methane hydrocarbon, VOC, was removed by the deodorizer. The semiconductor gas sensors detecting contamination level by smoking responded to handling of outdoor air introduction, the deodorizer and filtering by active carbon. Therefore, it is considered that monitoring with the semiconductor gas sensors is effective for air quality control. The relationship between outputs of these monitors and vote values of air quality by panellers was investigated. (Received: June 4, 1994 Accepted: July 26. 1994) |
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快適なオフィスと住居のための室内空気質モニタリング法が検討された。実験はフィルター付きの外気導入口と電気集塵機、オゾン脱臭器の空気清浄装置を持つ実験室で在室者と喫煙を汚染源として、これらの発生速度や操作条件を変え、空気中の汚染物質濃度をモニタリングした。揮発性有機化合物(VOC)についてはメタン・非メタン炭化水素計、光音響式ガスモニター、二種の半導体ガスセンサを併用した。二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素は外気導入、粉塵はフィルターと集塵機、一部のVOCはオゾン脱臭器によって減少することがモニターされた。とくに構造が単純で安価な喫煙ガス用半導体ガスセンサは外気導入、脱臭器、活性炭フィルタの操作によく応答したので、これらを用いる空気質制御には、喫煙による汚染物質のモニターとして有効である。このほかモニター出力とパネラーによる空気質の申告値の相関もみた。 | ||||||||
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(J.Human and Living Environment), 1(1), 96/101, 1994 | ||||||||
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