| 人間と生活環境 vol.04 No.1 | ||||||||
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老若男女の温熱生理学(2) ─性差と加齢の影響─
小川 徳雄
Thermal Physiology of the Young and Old of Both Sexes:
Tokuo OGAWA
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| In part 2, gender differences in thermoregulation and the effect of aging on thermoregulatory functions are discussed. No gender difference in body temperature is generally recognized, but no well-controlled data are available in the literature. Cyclic variation in the basal body temperature of the female is mainly induced by the central effect of progesterone. Gender differences in the process of heat balance are attributed largely to the presence of the second chemical regulation in the female, and to lower metabolic rate and thicker subcutaneous fat in the female than the male. Thus, women sweat much less than men, but the activity of sweat glands per se is also lower in the female. Tolerance to cold is superior in women, while increase in heat production upon exposure to cold is less in women. Increase in sweat gland activity in association with heat acclimatization is more evident in the male. With advancing age, body temperature tends to decline, and the amplitude of its circadian variation is reduced. Thermoregula-tory functions of the elderly are characterized by reduction in thermal sensation and perception, in affe-rent and efferent nervous function, and in effector functions, and by retarded responses in cutaneous blood flow, sweating and shivering, with considerable individual variations. Adaptability to heat and cold is reduced with advancing age, especially in the male. | ||||||||
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| 第２部では、体温調節の性差とその機能の加齢の影響を調べる。体温の性差はないとされるが、正確な測定結果はない。女子では、体温の性周期変動があり、二次化学調節がみられ、男子より代謝量が少なく、皮下脂肪が厚いことなどが熱出納の性差をもたらすとみられる。また女子では発汗が少ないが、汗腺機能も劣る。女子は皮膚の断熱性に優れ、耐寒性が強く、寒冷暴露時の代謝量の増加は少ない。暑熱順化時の発汗活動の増加度は男子の方が大きい。加齢とともに体温は低下傾向を示し、その日周変動幅が狭くなる。高齢者では、温度受容及び温度感覚、求心性・遠心性の神経機能、効果器機能が鈍り、皮膚血流・発汗・ふるえの反応が遅くなるが、個人差が大きい。暑熱・寒冷適応能は加齢とともに、とくに男子で低下する。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 2/7, 1996 | ||||||||
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環境工学序説
後藤 滋 Introduction to Environmental Engineering
Shigeru GOTOH |
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| We speak of environmental engineering in a broad sense, but here we deal only with architectural environment engineering. When we think about the environmental elements in the existence of the human race, we include water, air, earth and solar energy. These are called basic environmental elements. When we think about the history of architectural environment engineering, we can find a starting point in "Architectural Hygiene" written by Rintaro Mori. Considerable study of the hygiene of housing was conducted in the Taisho era by specialists in hygiene. Kohji Fujii then joined the study as a person interested in architecture. Architectural Science was systematized in the Showa era and environmental engineering was formed as "the Principles of Architectural Planning". Study and education in this field came to be praticed in Showa 10 to 20 (1935 to 1945), and becames more popular after World War, but it used various names. The name "Environmental Engineering" has been used at the Architectural Institute of Japan since Showa 39 (1964), and this branch of study now includes districts, cities and the global environment. | ||||||||
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広義の環境工学について述べ、ここでは建築環境工学に限定して話しをすゝめる。また、人類生存上の環境要素というものを考えると、それは水と空気と土と太陽（エネルギー）ということになる。これらを基幹環境要素ということができる。 建築環境工学の生い立ちを見ると、その原点を森林太郎（鴎外）の「建築衛生」に求めることができる。そして大正時代には衛生学関係者による住居衛生の研究が盛んであった。そんな中、藤井厚二は建築関係者として初めてその研究に加わった。昭和の初期になると建築学も体系化され、その中に「計画原論」として今日の環境工学が形成された。昭和10年代にはこの分野の研究や教育が行われるようになり、戦後はさらに普及したが、いろいろの名称が用いられた。昭和39年以後、日本建築学会において環境工学の名称が公式に用いられるようになった。今日、その対象範囲も広がり、地域や都市さらに地球環境をも視野に入れるようになった。 |
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 8/13, 1996 | ||||||||
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阪神淡路大震災における鉄筋コンクリート建物の 被害と耐震設計における問題点
窪田 敏行 Damage to Buildings Caused by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Earthquake Resistant Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Toshiyuki KUBOTA |
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| An outline of the damage caused by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995 was referred especially for reinforced concrete buildings. The statistical data based on the damage survey of all reinforced concrete buildings in the area of earthquake intensity 7 were analyzed. The distinct features of the damage and problems in earthquake-resistant design were discussed and the evaluation of the seismic safety of exisisting buildings was also discussed. | ||||||||
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| 阪神淡路大震災による、コンクリート系構造物の被害について述べた。震度７の地域に建つコンクリート系構造物の全数被害調査データを分析した結果を紹介した。また、特徴的な被害について述べ、その問題点をまとめた。さらに既存建物の耐震診断についても言及した。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 14/19, 1996 | ||||||||
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暑熱環境下での人体の局所加温刺激が 温熱生理・感覚反応に及ぼす影響
申 正和、田村 照子
Physiological and Psychological Thermal Responses to
Jeoung-hwa SHIN and Teruko TAMURA |
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The effects of local heating on physiological and psychological thermal responses were examined on three healthy female students in a hot environment controlled at 35 ℃ and 50 % r.h. Each subject's tympanic temperature, skin temperature, blood flow rate, sweating rate and thermal sensation, etc., were measured during the experiment, which consisted of a 30 minute control phase, a 30 minute local heating phase and a 30 minute recovery phase. The surface temperature of the 15 X 20 cm heating pad was controlled by circulating 45 ℃ water through a silicon tube. The heated regions were the neck, back, loin, upper arms, Iower legs and feet. Results showed that physiological and psychological thermal responses to local heating differed according to the heated body regions. They were classified into three groups. When the feet, upper arms and back were heated, the increase in the tympanic temperature and sweating rate was relatively great despite little increase in thermal sensation. On the other hand, when the neck was heated, neither the tympanic temperature nor the sweating rate increased significantly, but the thermal sensation increased noticeably. When the loin and lower legs were heated, both physiological and psychological responses were moderate.
(Received: May 13, 1996 Accepted: Sept. 9, 1996) |
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| 本研究の目的は、人体に均一な局所加温を負荷した時の温熱生理、感覚反応に及ぼす影響を検討することである。実験は健康な女子３名を対象に、気温35±0.5℃、湿度50±10％の暑熱環境下で行い、安静30分間、局所加温30分間、回復30分間中の鼓膜温、皮膚温、血流量、蒸散量、温冷感などを測定した。局所加温には45℃の水を循環させる15×20cmの加温パットを用いた。局所加温部位は頸、背、腰、上腕、下腿、足である。その結果、局所加温に対する生理、感覚反応は局所加温部位によって異なり、総合的に判断すると大きく３群に分けられた。足・上腕・背の加温では、鼓膜温・蒸散量の上昇がともに大きく、これに反して暑熱感の上昇は小さい。一方、頸の加温では、鼓膜温・蒸散量ともに反応が最小で、暑熱感の上昇が大きい。腰・下腿の加温では、生理、感覚反応ともに中程度の反応を示した。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 20/28, 1996 | ||||||||
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灸による温熱刺激の熱工学的研究
森田 矢次郎、今井 文雄、呉 邵忠 Thermal Engineering Study on Thermal Stimulation Caused by Moxibustion
Yajiro MORITA, Fumio IMAI and Shaozhong WU |
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The study of moxibustion has been done from the viewpoint of oriental medicine to demon-strate that moxibustion is very effective for curing illnesses and maintaining health. Some thermal en-gineering data were obtained with salt moxibustion experiments, and in moxibustion experiments on hu-man subjects, the thermal and comfort sensation felt by the subjects was time-traced by their votes. The results were as follows.
(Received: April 1 1, 1996 Accepted: Sept. 9, 1996) |
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灸療法の研究は東洋医学の観点から行われ、疾病の治療と健康の維持に大きな効果を挙げてきた。本研究では、灸の一種である塩灸を取り上げ、灸のメカニズム解明のため、熱工学的アプローチを採用する。灸そのものの熱工学的データを取り、人間の灸による感覚（温熱感と快適感）を調べた。主な結論を次に示す。
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 29/33, 1996 | ||||||||
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着衣・運動時における生理的反応と主観的応答との関係 ─パスモデルによる解析─
長田 泰公*、高野倉 睦子**、藤田 光子***、下田 邦枝***、中川 千種****
Relationship between Physiological Reactions and
Yasutaka OSADA*, Mutsuko TAKANOKURA** Mitsuko FUJITA*** |
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Seventeen healthy female students served as subjects in this study and, wearing a training suit, performed a 20 min exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Air temperature in the climate chamber was kept~at 20 ℃ or 30 ℃ with a relative humidity of 60% and air-velocity of less than 0.1m/s. Skin temperature at five sites, rectal and ear canal temperature, temperature and humidity under, between and above the clothes were determined every 3 min. Thermal and wetness sensations and discomfort were voted by the subjects also every 3 min. A primary path model was estimated in which these subjective responses de-pended on the antecedent physiological variables. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to select the suitable endogenous variables to avoid multicollinearity. After the multiple regression analysis, the path model was revised for 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ experiments. The effects of the increase in body temperature and sweating on discomfort at 30 ℃ were quantitatively demonstrated.
(Received:July 1, 1996 Accepted: Aug. 26, 1996) |
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| 17人の健康な女子学生を被験者とし、トレーナー上下を着せ、20分間の自転車エルゴメータ作業をおこなわせた。人工気候室の室温は20℃および30℃、湿度60％、気流0.1m/s以下である。５点の皮膚温、直腸温、外耳道温、衣服下、間、上の温湿度を３分毎に測定し、また温冷感、湿潤間、不快感を同じく３分毎に答えさせた。これらの主観的反応が先行する生理的変量に依存するというパスモデルをまず設定した。そして多重共線関係を避けるため、因子分析とクラスタ分析によって、妥当な内生変数を選んだ。そして重回帰分析によって20℃および30℃実験に対してそれぞれパスモデルを改訂した。その結果、30℃での不快感に対する体温上昇、発汗増加の寄与が数量的に明らかにされた。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 34/41, 1996 | ||||||||
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放射冷房時における気流と湿度の体感への影響
北川 晃一*、早野 ひろ子*、斎藤 俊彦*、菰田 紀子*、田辺 新一**
Effect of Humidity and Air Movement on Thermal Comfort under a Radiant Cooling System Investigated in Subjective Experiments
Koichi KITAGAWA*, Hiroko HAYANO*, Toshihiko SAITO* |
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Radiant heating/cooling systems are expected to be more comfortable and superior energy-saving systems than convective air-conditioning systems generally used. There are many studies on radiant cooling systems, but they have seldom been put to practical use, because of the condensation problem in Japan. The objective of this study is to investigate thermal comfort in particular, including the effects of humidity (45%rh, 65%rh, 85%rh) and air movement (0.1m/s: constant, on/off; 0.1〜0.3 m/s: ran-dom change), by means of subjective experiments conducted on a radiant ceiling cooling system. The experiments are performed with radiant cooling panels in a climate chamber. The subjects sat on a chair under the radiant cooling panels, and they voted on thermal sensation and thermal comfort. The follow-ing results were obtained. With the radiant cooling system, the influence of humidity and air movement on thermal sensation votes for the whole body was evaluated by SET* within one scale difference on the thermal sensation vote (7 scale) in the above experimental conditions. Air movement with the radiant cooling system was expected to have one scale cooler effect than the thermal sensation vote evaluated by SET*. In addition, a small amount of air movement was expected to improve the comfortable sensation votes with the radiant cooling.
(Received: May 10, 1996 Accepted Nov. 20, 1996) |
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| 放射冷暖房方式は、従来の対流による空調方式よりも快適で省エネルギー性が期待できるといわれている。床暖房やラジエータを用いた放射暖房方式は数多く実用化されており、研究例も多い。一方、放射冷房は、研究はよく行われているが、日本では結露の問題等から一般に普及していないのが現状である。本研究では、日本の住宅においても使用可能な放射冷暖房システム開発のための基礎研究として、天井放射冷房時における、湿度、微弱気流の体感に及ぼす影響を調べることを目的とし、被験者実験を行い、全身および身体各部位の熱的快適性を分析した。実験は、湿度、気流について数種類の条件に設定した人工気候室において、種々表面温度にコントロールした放射冷却パネルの下に被験者を座らせ、温熱環境を計測し、温冷感と快不快感に関する申告をさせた。本研究の主な結果として、放射冷房時の全身の温冷感に対する湿度（45%rh, 65%rh, 85%rh）及び気流（0.1m/s:constant, on/off;0.1〜0.3m/s:random）の影響を新標準有功温度SET*を用いると全身の温冷感スケールで±１程度の誤差を生じること、微弱気流を放射冷房と併用することにより、全身及び局所的な温冷感が全体的にSET*の評価より温冷感スケールで１程度涼しい方向にシフトするとともに、快適感が向上する傾向があることを明らかとした。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 42/51, 1996 | ||||||||
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温暖地住宅の断熱・遮熱化による冷暖房負荷への影響
小野 公平、須貝 高、尾崎 明仁
Effects of Thermal Insulation and Shading
Kohei ONO, Takashi SUGAI and Akihito OZAKI |
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In light of the recent demand for saving energy, even dwelling houses in mild climates have been highly insulated. The effects of thermal insulation and shading on the air conditioning load in detached houses are studied on the basis of numerical simulation in the climate of Fukuoka falling under region rv of the Energy Conservation Standard. The heating load linearly decreases with the decrease in the heat loss coefficient. However, the cooling load does not change in the case of LDK in which generated indoor heat is considerably large. Peak cooling load appeared in the daytime of summer is suppressed by high grade insulation in envelope structure and sun shade glazing. The cooling load of a highly insulated house is decreased by a way of living adapted to mild climates, such as intermittent air conditioning, the introduction of outside air and the effective exhausting of generated indoor heat. |
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| 近年の省エネルギー政策を背景に、温暖地域でも住宅も断熱化が進んでいる。本研研究では新省エネ基準IV地域（福岡）を対象に、断熱・遮熱化にともなう冷暖房負荷の影響を数値シミュレーションを基に明らかにした。暖房負荷は熱損失係数が小さくなると減少し、断熱化による省エネ効果が認められる。一方、冷房負荷では、生活要因と窓面からの日射侵入による内部熱の影響により、LDKでは断熱化の効果がほとんどみられない。躯体の断熱化とガラス窓の日射遮蔽は、夏季昼間の最大冷房負荷を低減する。また、温暖地域における高断熱住宅の省エネルギーは、必要に応じた間欠空調、夜間外気の導入、内部発生熱の速やかな換気など地域に適した生活の工夫により可能である。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 52/60, 1996 | ||||||||
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住宅の揮発性有機化合物汚染と測定評価法に関する考察
堀 雅宏、楊 建萍
Considerations of Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution in
Masahiro HORI and Jianpin YANG |
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Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were surveyed in various kinds of dwelling houses in Japan. T (total) VOC, formaldehyde and suspended particulate matter were measured together with the air change rate in nine of the dwellings, and only VOCs were measured in the others. Examples of the concentrations of identified chemical compounds and chemical classes are also shown. The hydrocarbon concentration for 24 hours was monitored in one of them by PAS (photo-acoustic spectrometry). The main items considered were: The relationship between air-change-rate-correction concentrations of TVOC and formaldehyde, and the age of dwellings, concentrations of VOCs detected in the surveys, characteris-tics of composition of VOC and coexistence of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) with a boiling point lower than 50 ℃, time taken to obtain stationary concentration in rooms with no openings; Sampling times and numbers; TVOC measurement as screening test, and FID (Flame ionization detector) and PAS as a TVOC monitor. The measurement of the TVOC concentration after confirming the stationary concentration with a real time monitor or a lapse of 5 hours or more in rooms with no openings was proposed for risk evaluation of VOC exposure. The TVOCs are measured with FID and PAS after separ-ating VOCs from VVOCs in sample air.
(Received: June 17, 1996 Accepted: July 27, 1996) |
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| 任意に選んだ種々の住宅のＶＯＣとホルムアルデヒドの測定結果と文献から我が国のＶＯＣ汚染の実態と測定評価法について考察した。換気回数を補正した濃度と築年との関係、濃度レベル、組成、濃度変化のパターンなどから高揮発性ＶＯＣの存在を指摘し、ＶＯＣの総領（ＴＶＯＣ）測定のための現行の測定機器を評価し、サンプリング法などについても考察した。また、暴露のリスク評価のためのスクリーニングテストとしてのＴＶＯＣ測定方法を提案した。 | ||||||||
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| (J.Human and Living Environment), 4(1), 61/69, 1996 | ||||||||
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