人間と生活環境 vol.05 No.1

人間と生活環境　vol.05 No.1

岩田利枝
国立公衆衛生院建築衛生学部

Light and Color
─From the View Point of Environmental Science in Buildings─

Toshie IWATA
Dept. of Architectural Hygene Eng., The Institute of Public Health

This paper presents basic knowledge of lighting starting by considering what light is and how it may be quantified. Light is a very small part, from about 380nm to 780 nm of the wavelength, of the electromagnetic spectrum. The CIE standard relative spectral sensitivity curve forms the basis of conversion from radiometric quantities to the photometric quantities involving luminous flux, illuminance, Iuminous intensity and luminance. The color of spectrum and that of objects are briefiy explained in connection with the reflection and the transmission of light. Color perception results from the complex interaction between a light source, an object, the eye, and the brain. Sources of light in buildings, daylight and artificial light sources, are also briefly described including historical background. Finally, from the view points of usefulness, comfort and pleasantness, various features of interior lighting, e.g. required task illuminance, disability glare, perceived brightness, discomfort glare and techniques in lighting design, are presented.

Key words:

photometric quantities, daylight, artificial light source, interior lighting

　本稿は光の基礎知識として、光とは何か、いかに定量するものなのかから始められた。光は電磁はのたいへん小さい領域380mm～780mmの波長域にあたる。CIEの標準比視感度曲線によって放射量が光束、照度、光度、輝度といった測光量に変換されている。光の反射や透過と関連して、スペクトルの色、物体の色について述べた。色は光源、、物体、眼、脳の関係によってもたらせれるものである。昼光、人工光といった室内の光源について、歴史的背景を記述し、最後に、usefulness, comfort, pleasantnessの視点から必要照度、視力低下グレア、明るさ感、不快グレア、演出照明など、室内のさまざまな面について述べた。

キーワード：

測光量、昼光、人工光、室内照明

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 3/11, 1997

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視覚と照明
─環境人間工学の立場から─

大中忠勝
福岡女子大学人間環境学部生活環境学科

Vision and lllumination
─From the Viewpoint of Environmental Ergonomics─

Tadakatsu OHNAKA
Department of Living Environmental Science, Faculty of
Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University

The complete visual system controls about 90% of all our activities in everyday life. It is there-fore important to enlarge the stock of knowledge of visual perception when one designs a comfortable visual environment. This paper deals with the human visual system from the viewpoint of environmental ergonomics. The main contents are the visual system, the accommodation of the eye and the regulation of the aperture of the pupil, and so on. And the relationship between visual performance and age is also de-scribed.

Key words:

vision, visual performance, illumination, elderly

　ヒトは、環境情報の約90％を視覚によって得ている。ヒトの視機能を知ることは、快適な照明環境を構築する上で重要である。ここでは環境人間工学の立場から、人の視機能について概説する。主な内容は、視覚器、遠近調節、明るさの調節である。また、加齢に伴う視機能の変化についても概説した。

キーワード：

視覚、視力、照明、高齢者

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 12/15, 1997

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阪神・淡路大震災によるマンションのライフライン被害と住民の対応

楢崎正也
摂南大学工学部建築学科

Damage to Lifeline Services and Occupants' Reactions in Condominiums Affected by the Great Hanshin─Awaji Earthquake

Masaya NARASAKI
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Setsunan University

The earthquake caused unexpectedly great damage to the condominium lifeline. The task of restoring the severely damaged water and sewerage services was particularly difficult. Great damages to condominium building services involved the elevated tanks, water supply pumps and storage type water heaters. In responding to questionnaires, the occupants said that the greatest inconvenience was the lack of water for flush toilets. To provide for future emergencies, space for temporary toilets should be se-cured nearby condominiums, and wells, streams and hydrants should be provided to supply water for occupants. And establishing good relationships among neighbors on a daily basis is necessary, so that they may help each other in cases of emergency.

Key words:

damage to lifeline services, occupants' reactions, condominiums, questionnaires, earthquake

　震災によるマンションのライフラインは想像以上に被害甚大で、特に上・下水道の被害が大きく、復旧も長引いた。マンションの設備では、高置水槽、給水ポンプ、貯湯式温水器の損傷が多かった。居住者のアンケート調査によると、最も困ったのはトイレで、マンションの近くに仮説トイレの設置場所を予め考えておくべきだ。また、生活用水のために川や井戸や路上共用水栓などを準備しておくべきだ。さらに、緊急時には隣近所の助け合いが大切であり、普段から近隣とのコミュニケーションを培う必要があることを示唆した。

キーワード：

ライフラインの被害、居住者の対応、マンション、アンケート調査、地震

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 16/22, 1997

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上下気温分布が人体の皮膚温および温冷感に与える影響について

山岸明浩^*、堀越哲美^**、石井仁^***
^*県立新潟女子短期大学生活科学科
^**名古屋工業大学大学院都市循環システム工学専攻
^***名古屋工業大学大学院社会開発工学専攻

Influence of Vertical Air Temperature Distribution on
the Human Skin Temperature and Thermal Sensation

Akihiro YAMAGISHI^*, Tetsumi HORIKOSHI^** and Jin ISHII^***
^*Dept. of Human Life and Environmental Science, Niigata Women's College
^**Dept. of Environmental Technology and Urban Planning, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
^***Dept. of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology

The purpose of this paper is to find the influence of vertical air temperature distribution on the human skin temperature and thermal sensation. In this experiment, five males in a sedentary nude state were the subjects. The air temperatures measured at the 0.7 m level were 28 ℃ and 25 ℃, and the vertical air temperature difference measured at the 0.Im and 1.Im levels were O ℃, 4 ℃ and 8 ℃. The subjects were exposed to six kinds of vertical air temperature distributions. The skin temperature decreased from the forehead to the instep. The response of the skin temperature of each part was affected by the vertical air temperature difference and the air temperature measured at the 0.7m level. The head thermal sensation vote was hotter than that of other parts, and the foot was colder than other parts. The vertical air temperature distribution affects the response of the lower body more strongly than upper body. With the increase in the vertical air temperature difference, the skin temperature difference and the thermal sensation difference between the upper and lower parts increase. During the experiment, Ieg skin temperature was lower at 28 ℃, and leg, instep and mean skin temperature was lower at 25 ℃.

Key words:

vertical air temperature difference, skin temperature, thermal sensation, nonuniformity, position

　本研究は連続した上下気温分布が、人体の皮膚温および温冷感に与える影響について明らかにすることを目的とし、裸体・椅座・安静状態で実験を行い検討した。実験は、床上0.7ｍの気温25℃、28℃と床上0.1ｍと1.1ｍの上下気温差０℃、4℃、8℃との組合せ条件下で、青年男子５名を用いて行った。人体各部位の皮膚温は、前額から足背へと部位の位置が低くなるにつれ低い値となり、上下の気温差とともに気温条件との組合せにより人体各部位の皮膚温への影響が変化する。各部位の温冷感申告は、他の部位に比べ頭部は暑い側、足部は寒い側の申告を示した。上下気温差は、人体の上半身よりも下半身に与える影響が大きい。人体の上下方向の皮膚温と温冷感申告の差は、上下気温差が大きくなるに従い増加する傾向であった。実験条件暴露後60分間の皮膚温の変化は、気温28℃の実験条件下では下腿、気温25℃条件では平均皮膚温、下腿、足背の皮膚温が低下する傾向にあった。

キーワード：

上下気温差、皮膚温、温冷感、不均一、部位

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 23/34, 1997

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人体着衣熱モデルによる考察─衣服下空気層厚さの影響─

庄司祐子^*、竹森利和^**、中島健^***
^*神戸大学大学院自然科学研究科　 ^**大阪ガス(株)　 ^***神戸大学工学部

Heat Transfer Study using a Clothed Human Thermal Model
─Effect of thickness of air layer within clothing─

Yuko SHOJI^*, Toshikazu TAKEMORI^**, Tsuyoshi NAKAJIMA^***
^*Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, ^**Osaha Gas Co., Ltd., ^***Department of Mechauical Engineering, Kobe University

In this paper we investigated the effects of thickness of air layer within clothing on physiological response and micro climate within clothing, by using a clothed human thermal model. The model can simulate heat and mass transfer in and around the clothed human body. The simulation was done at ambient temperatures of 22 to 31 ℃, a relative humidity of 45% and no wind, assuming that a human wore sweat suits whose openings were closed. In cold environments, shivering was the main thermoregulatory response, which changed skin and clothing temperature greatly. The metabolic rate was the smallest at a thickness of air layer of 1 cm. In hot environments, perspiration was the main thermoregulatory response, which changed skin and clothing humidity greatly. The perspiration rate was greatest at a thickness of air layer of 1-2 cm. Heat resistance of the air layer was much greater than that of the fabric layer, and the effect of radiation was dominant in dry heat resistance when the thickness of air layer was greater than 0.5 cm. Convection within clothing occurred at a thickness of air layer of 1-3 cm, which de-creased the warmth retaining property. However the effect of convection was very small under steady, no wind environmental conditions with openings of clothing closed.

Key words:

Clothed human thermal model, numerical simulation, thickness of air layer within clothing, thermoregulation, micro climate within clothing

　着衣時の生理反応を予測する人体着衣熱モデルを用いて衣服下空気層厚さが生理反応、衣服内気候に与える影響を定常温熱環境22～31℃、相対湿度45％、無風条件、開口部閉鎖型着衣であるスエットスーツ着用を想定して調べた。その結果、寒冷環境においては、主にふるえ代謝による体温調節を行うので、皮膚や衣服の温度に大きな変化がみられ、ふるえ代謝量は空気層厚さが１cmのとき最小値を示した。暑熱環境では発汗反応による体温調節が主に行われるので、皮膚や衣服の湿度に変化がみられ、発汗量は空気層厚さが１～２cmの間で最大値を示した。また、織物層と空気層の合成熱抵抗では、空気層の熱抵抗が占める割合が大半であり、空気層の顕熱抵抗では空気層厚さが0.5cmをこえるとふく射の影響が大きかった。環境条件や部位形状にもよるが、空気層厚さが１～３cmの間で衣服内対流が生じ始めるため、保温性の低下がみられたが、定常、無風環境、開口部閉鎖型着衣条件である本条件では微少であった。

キーワード：

人体着衣熱モデル、数値計算、衣服下空気層厚さ、体温調節、衣服内気候

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 35/41, 1997

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Indoor Air Quality of Multi-Family Houses during Winter in Koria
（冬季における共同住宅の室内空気質に関する研究）

Chung-sook YOON and Eun-seon Park
Department of Housing and Interior Design, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

The purpose of this study is to find out indoor air quality of apartments in winter. Eight houses were selected for the experimental subjects. Indoor air temperature and relative humidity for thermal environmental factors were measured. Also CO, C0₂, and TSP for indoor air contaminants were measured. As the result, the average concentration of CO and dust satisfied the indoor air quality standards in most houses. But the average concentration of C0₂ in small apartments exceeded the permitted value 1,000 ppm in the situation that gas stove was used without ventilating. Size of apartments and ventilating, smoking and gas usage had significant effects on indoor air quality. Small apartments had higher air pollution than that of the bigger ones. A result of analysis of the physical environmental factors and the subjective responses revealed that the residents sensed the freshness of air under the condition C0₂ concentration was less than 616 ppm. Therefore it is especially important to consider air pollution problem from the beginning stage of planning small apartments.

Key words：

indoor air quality, indoor air contaminants, the subjective responses

　本研究の目的は実在建物を通して室内空気の汚染程度を測定すると共に、室内空気環境に対する居住者の主観反応を調査することにより集合住宅における冬の室内空気環境の実態を把握することである。59～112㎡の８戸の住宅を対象としてCO、CO₂粉塵濃度を測定し、居住者の反応としては空気の新鮮度感を調査した。調査の結果、CO濃度は居間、台所とも許容値にははるかに及ばなかった。しかし、ガスレンジの使用と在室者の呼吸によってCO₂濃度が増加し、室内空気の汚染が深刻になることが分かった。浮遊粉塵の濃度は基準値に及ばないが、喫煙や在室者の行動によって濃度が変わることが分かった。室内空気環境の各測定要素との間の関連性を把握した結果、CO濃度とCO₂濃度とが比較的強い正の相関関係があった。居住者の主観的反応とCO濃度、CO₂濃度との間に有意な相関が見られるが、CO₂濃度と空気新鮮感の反応とを回帰分析した結果、居住者はCO₂濃度が616ppm以上になれば室内空気の汚染を感じることが分かった。

キーワード：

室内空気質、空気の新鮮度感、集合住宅

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 42/50, 1997

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中山間地域の使用者からみた単独浄化槽の評価ならびに
単独から合併浄化槽に付け換える際の問題点

小林定教^*、宮地功^**、黒谷靖雄^*
^*島根大学総合理工学部　^**福山大学工学部

Evaluation of Tandoku-shori Johkasou for Inhabitants in
Senri-Mountainous Areas, and Problems as to Changing from Tandoku-shori to Gappei-shori Johkasou

Sadanori KOBAYASHI^*, Isao MIYACHI^** and Yasuo KUROTANI^*
^*Faculty of Science and Engineering, Shimane University and
^**Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University

Installation of the tandoku-shori johkasou has brought about the installation of flush toilets in rural areas, improving the living environment there. On the other hand, recent improvements in the living standard and changes in lifestyles have produced greater amounts of various kinds of domestic wastewater, accelerating the pollution of river water and lakes. For this reason urgent changes to the gappei-shori johkasou which can alsb process miscellaneous domestic wastewater is awaited. In this paper evaluation of the tandoku-shori johkasou from the user's point of view and problems in changing from tandoku-shori to gappei-shori johkasou are studied. The users evaluated the tandoku-shori johkasou highly and already have taken advantage of the convenience of the flush toilet; while the importance of processing miscellaneous wastewater was acknowledged, it can be assumed that the users had difficulty in accepting the b den of costs of processing the domestic wastewater, which had previously been discharged unprocessed and free of charge, unable to change to gappei-shori johkasou. Therefore a realistic solution will lie in the development of a miscellaneous wastewater processing method using the existing tandoku-shori johkasou, while further promoting the change to the gappei-shori johkasou.

Key words:

gappei-shori johkasou, tandoku-shori johkasou,wastewater, evaluation, change

　単独処理浄化槽の設置はトイレの水洗化を可能にし、農村部の室内環境は改善されたが、近年の生活水準の向上、生活様式の変化は、多種多量の生活排水を生み、河川、湖沼への水質汚濁を進めた。そのため生活雑排水の浄化もできる合併処理浄化槽への付け換えが、緊急の課題となっている。本研究では、単独処理浄化槽使用者を対象に単独浄化槽の評価、単独から合併処理浄化槽に付け換える際の問題点についてアンケート調査を行った。単独処理浄化槽の評価は高く、使用者はトイレの水洗化という利便性を既に達しており、生活雑排水浄化の重要性は認識するものの、今まで未処理のまま放流することを黙認されてきた生活雑排水を自己負担で浄化することに対して納得し難く、合併処理浄化槽への付け換えに踏み切れないと推測される。従って、現実的には既設の単独浄化槽を活かした雑排水の浄化方法の開発と、合併浄化槽への付け換えを並行して進めるべきであると考える。

キーワード：

合併処理浄化槽、単独処理浄化槽、生活雑排水、評価、付け換え

(J.Human and Living Environment), 5(1), 51/58, 1997

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